Illustrate multiple activities chart with the help of a diagram. Also explain techniques of work measurement.

Multiple Activity Charts

Multiple Activity Charts (or Multi-Activity Charts) are a very useful tool for understanding the flow of work in a cyclical process and as a consequence understanding which resource is controlling the overall progress of the work. The tool can be used to model different scenarios to determine the optimum mix of resources for the work.

The example below is based on using a tower crane to lift concrete from the street to a high floor for placing. Each resource is represented by a column; time is on the vertical axis.

What do you understand by Quality & Cost economics, mention categories of Quality Cost as identified by American Society for Quality Control (ASQC)

Quality & Cost economics 

The cost of quality; it is a widely used term and widely misunderstood.

The cost of quality is not the price of creating a quality product or service. It is the cost of NOT creating a a quality product or service.

Every time work is redone, the cost of quality increases. Obvious examples included:

• The reworking of a manufactured item
• The retesting of an assembly
• The rebuilding of a tool
• The correction of a blank statement
• The reworking of a service, such as the reprocessing of s lean operation or the replacement of a food order on a restaurant

Explain the relationship between the process of planning with the agencies / activities

Process Planning 

The objective of the manufacturing process is to transform an idea into a salable product. 

The common methodology used to accomplish this objective is to divide the manufacturing process into several activities, arranged serially. Usually, each activity handles a different stage of the process, each stage representing a unique discipline and training. 

Fig. 2.1 describes the global structure of an industrial enterprises and points to the role of process planning as a part of production planning. This latter represents the general control of manufacturing activities in an enterprise. Where as the general management of company is concerned with long-range planning activities such as personnel policy, marketing, accounting, etc. it delegates the functions of product design and manufacture to special departments which are in charge of functions such as production planning, fabrication technologies, quality control, etc. the role of process planning itself is now explained.

As a production and planning I/C of an organisation, what basic factors you will consider while electing a site for a proposed new plant.

Plant location: Introduction & meaning 

Plant location or the facilities location problem is an important strategic level decision-making for an organisation. One of the key features of a conversion process (manufacturing system) is the efficiency with which the products (services) are transferred to the customers. This fact will include the determination of where to pace the plant or facility. 

The selection of location is a key-decision as large investment is made in building plant and machinery. It is mot advisable or not possible to change the location very often. So an improper location of plant may lead to waste of all the investments made in building and machinery, equipment. 

Define Controlling and explain the Total Quality Control (TQC) including Deming’s 14 points.

What is Quality Control? 

Quality control is a method of monitoring the quality of products and services offered by a company. The quality of a product is an attribute of the product, and may be a measure of the degree of excellence. Quality is relative to the entity that measures it. Needless to say, quality may be a degree or grade of excellence or worth offered to the market or to a consumer; it is a characteristic property that defines the apparent individual nature of something. 

Total Quality Control: 

Total quality control is a process that strives to build high quality products before rejecting defective products. Total quality control involves the following:

Just-In-Time (JIT) Concept

What is Just-In-Time concept? Since the emergence of this term it was difficult for science and business people to define it. Even today many companies think that they are using JIT concept, but actually, they are not realising that. JIT must be integrated in company philosophy and no just dead letters. 

JIT is define as “a philosophy of manufacturing based on planned elimination of a;; waste and on continuous improvement of productivity”. It also has been described as an approach with the objective of producing the right part in the right place, at the right time (in order word “Just-In-Time”). Basic of the concept is that the company produce only what is needed, when it needed, and in the quantity it needed. The company produce only what the costumer requests, to actual orders, not to forecasts. JIT also can define as producing the necessary units, with the required quantity & quality, at the last the safe moments. It means that company can manage with their own sources and allocate them very easily. Figure shows a drawing of the JIT concept.